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| Directed by | Catherine Hardwicke |
| Produced by | Mark Morgan Greg Mooradian Wyck Godfrey |
| Screenplay by | Melissa Rosenberg |
| Based on | novel Twilight by Stephenie Meyer |
| Starring | Kristen Stewart Robert Pattinson Billy Burke Peter Facinelli |
| Music by | Carter Burwell |
| Cinematography | Elliot Davis |
| Editing by | Nancy Richardson |
| Distributed by | Summit Entertainment |
| Release date(s) |
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| Running time | 122 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $37 million |
| Box office | $392,616,625 |
Twilight is a 2008 American romantic fantasy film based on Stephenie Meyer's popular novel of the same name. Directed by Catherine Hardwicke, the film stars Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson. It is the first film in The Twilight Saga film series. This film focuses on the development of the relationship between Bella Swan (a teenage girl) and Edward Cullen (a vampire), and the subsequent efforts of Cullen and his family to keep Swan safe from a coven of evil vampires.
The project was in development for approximately three years at Paramount Pictures, during which time a screen adaptation that differed significantly from the novel was written. Summit Entertainment acquired the rights to the novel after three years of the project's stagnant development. Melissa Rosenberg wrote a new adaptation of the novel shortly before the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike and sought to be faithful to the novel's storyline. Principal photography took 44 days,[4] and completed on May 2, 2008;[5] the film was primarily shot in Oregon.[6]
Twilight was theatrically released on November 21, 2008, grossing over US$392 million worldwide.[3] It was released on DVD March 21, 2009, and became the most purchased DVD of the year.[7] The soundtrack was released on November 4, 2008.[8] Following the film's success, New Moon and Eclipse, the next two novels in the series, were produced as films the following year.
Plot
Seventeen-year-old Isabella "Bella" Swan moves to Forks, a small town near the Washington coast, to live with her father, Charlie, after her mother is remarried to a minor league baseball player. She is quickly befriended by many students at her new high school, but she is intrigued by the mysterious and aloof Cullen siblings. Bella sits next to Edward Cullen in biology class on her first day of school; he appears to be disgusted by her, much to Bella's confusion. A few days later, Bella is nearly struck by a van in the school parking lot. Edward inexplicably moves from several feet away and stops the vehicle with his hand without any harm to himself or Bella. He later refuses to explain this act to Bella and warns her against befriending him.After much research, Bella eventually discovers that Edward is a vampire, though he only consumes animal blood. The pair fall in love and Edward introduces Bella to his vampire family, Carlisle, Esme, Alice, Jasper, Emmett, and Rosalie. Soon after, three nomadic vampires—James, Victoria, and Laurent—arrive. James, a tracker vampire, is intrigued by Edward's protectiveness over a human and wants to hunt Bella for sport. Edward and his family risk their lives to protect her, but James tracks Bella to Phoenix where she is hiding and lures her into a trap by claiming he is holding her mother hostage. James attacks Bella and bites her wrist, but Edward, along with the other Cullen family members, arrives before he can kill her. James is destroyed, and Edward sucks James's venom from Bella's wrist, preventing her from becoming a vampire. A severely injured Bella is taken to a hospital. Upon returning to Forks, Bella and Edward attend their school prom. While there, Bella expresses her desire to become a vampire, which Edward refuses to grant. The film ends with Victoria secretly watching the pair dancing, plotting revenge for her lover James's death.
Production
Development
Stephenie Meyer's paranormal romance novel Twilight was originally optioned by Paramount Pictures' MTV Films in April 2004, but the screenplay that was subsequently developed was substantially different from its source material.[2][16] When Summit Entertainment reinvented itself as a full-service studio in April 2007, it began development of a film adaptation anew,[17] having picked up the rights from Paramount (who coincidentally had made an unrelated film with the same title in 1998) in a turnaround.[18] The company perceived the film as an opportunity to launch a franchise based on the success of Meyer's book and its sequels.[12][19] Catherine Hardwicke was hired to direct the film and Melissa Rosenberg to write the script in mid-2007.[20]Rosenberg developed an outline by the end of August, and collaborated with Hardwicke on writing the screenplay during the following month. Rosenberg said Hardwicke "was a great sounding board and had all sorts of brilliant ideas.... I'd finish off scenes and send them to her, and get back her notes."[21] Due to the impending Writers Guild of America strike, Rosenberg worked full-time to finish the screenplay before October 31.[21] In adapting the novel, she "had to condense a great deal." Some characters from the novel were not featured in the screenplay, whereas some characters were combined into others.[22] "[O]ur intent all along was to stay true to the book", Rosenberg explained, "and it has to do less with adapting it word for word and more with making sure the characters' arcs and emotional journeys are the same."[23] Hardwicke suggested the use of voice over to convey Bella's internal dialogue[21]—since the novel is told from her point of view—and she sketched some of the storyboards during pre-production.[24]
Adaptation from source material
The filmmakers behind Twilight worked to create a film that was as faithful to the novel as they thought possible when converting the story to another medium, with producer Greg Mooradian saying, "It's very important to distinguish that we're making a separate piece of art that obviously is going to remain very, very faithful to the book.... But at the same time, we have a separate responsibility to make the best movie you can make."[25] To ensure a faithful adaptation, Meyer was kept very involved in the production process, having been invited to visit the set during filming and even asked to give notes on the script and on a rough cut of the film.[26] Of this process, she said, "It was a really pleasant exchange [between me and the filmmakers] from the beginning, which I think is not very typical. They were really interested in my ideas",[27] and, "...they kept me in the loop and with the script, they let me see it and said, 'What are your thoughts?'... They let me have input on it and I think they took 90 percent of what I said and just incorporated it right in to the script."[26] Meyer fought for one line in particular, one of the most well-known from the book about "the lion and the lamb", to be kept verbatim in the film: "I actually think the way Melissa [Rosenberg] wrote it sounded better for the movie [...] but the problem is that line is actually tattooed on peoples' bodies [...] But I said, 'You know, if you take that one and change it, that's a potential backlash situation.'"[26] Meyer was even invited to create a written list of things that could not be changed for the film, such as giving the vampires fangs or killing characters who do not die in the book, that the studio agreed to follow.[26][27] The consensus among critics is that the filmmakers succeeded in making a film that is very faithful to its source material,[28][29] with one reviewer stating that, with a few exceptions, "Twilight the movie is unerringly faithful to the source without being hamstrung by it."[30]
They could have filmed [the script developed when the project was at Paramount] and not called it Twilight
because it had nothing to do with the book... When Summit
[Entertainment] came into the picture, they were so open to letting us
make rules for them, like "Okay, Bella cannot be a track star. Bella
cannot have a gun or night vision goggles. And, no jet skis...."
Twilight author Stephenie Meyer[16]
Casting
When they told me Rob was probably the one, I looked him up and
thought, "Yeah, he can do a version of Edward. He’s definitely got that
vampire thing going on." And then, when I was on set and I got to watch
him go from being Rob to shifting into being Edward, and he actually
looked like the Edward in my head, it was a really bizarre experience.
[...] He really had it nailed.
Twilight author Stephenie Meyer[16]
Peter Facinelli was not originally cast as Carlisle Cullen. "[Hardwicke] liked me, but there was another actor that the studio was pushing for", Facinelli said.[11] For unknown reasons, that actor was not able to play the part and Facinelli was selected in his place.[11] The choice of Ashley Greene to portray Alice Cullen was the subject of fan criticism due to Greene being 7 inches (18 cm) taller than her character as described in the novel. Meyer had also stated that Rachael Leigh Cook resembled her vision of Alice.[38] Nikki Reed had previously worked with Hardwicke on Thirteen, which they wrote together, and Lords of Dogtown. Reed commented, "I don't want to say it's a coincidence, because we do work well together, and we have a great history. I think we make good work, but it's more that the people that hire [Hardwicke] to direct a film of theirs [have] most likely seen her other work."[39]
Kellan Lutz was in Africa shooting the HBO miniseries Generation Kill when the auditions for the character of Emmett Cullen were conducted. The role had already been cast by the time that production ended in December 2007, but the actor who had been selected "fell through"; Lutz subsequently auditioned and was flown to Oregon, where Hardwicke personally chose him.[40] Rachelle Lefèvre was interested in pursuing a role in the film because Hardwicke was attached to the project as director; there was also "the potential to explore a character, hopefully, over three films"; and she wanted to portray a vampire.[41] She "thought that vampires were basically the best metaphor for human anxiety and questions about being alive."[41] Christian Serratos initially auditioned for Jessica Stanley, but she "fell totally in love with Angela" after reading the novels and successfully took advantage of a later opportunity to audition for Angela Weber.[42] The role of Jessica Stanley went to Anna Kendrick, who got the part after two mix-and-match auditions with various actors.[43]
Filming and post-production
On a bed in Catherine Hardwicke's house is where Pattinson kissed Stewart for the first time for the Twilight screen test. "That bed made Pattinson who he is right now," says Reed. That’s also where Hardwicke auditioned Evan Rachel Wood, she had her get into her bed with Nikki Reed for the film Thirteen. When asked about her lair, Hardwicke says, "MTV came and did an episode in my house filming the bed. It’s legendary."[32] Principal photography took 44 days,[4] after more than a week of rehearsals,[44] and completed on May 2, 2008.[5] Similar to her directorial debut Thirteen, Hardwicke opted for an extensive use of hand-held cinematography to make the film "feel real".[11][45] Meyer visited the production set three times and was consulted on different aspects of the story;[46] she also has a brief cameo in the film.[47] Cast members who portrayed vampires avoided sunlight to make their skin pale, though makeup was also applied for that effect, and wore contact lenses: "We did the golden color because the Cullens have those golden eyes. And then, when we're hungry, we have to pop the black ones in," Facinelli explained.[11] They also participated in rehearsals with a dance choreographer and observed the physicality of different panthera to make their bodily movements more elegant.[11][38][48]Scenes were filmed primarily in Portland, Oregon.[6] Stunt work was done mainly by the cast.[49] The fight sequence between Gigandet and Pattinson's characters in a ballet studio, which was filmed during the first week of production, involved a substantial amount of wire work because the vampires in the story have superhuman strength and speed.[48] Gigandet incorporated mixed martial arts fighting moves in this sequence, which involved chicken and honey as substitutes for flesh.[50] Bella, the protagonist, is unconscious during these events, and since the novel is told from her point of view, such action sequences are illustrative and unique to the film.[34] Pattinson noted that maintaining one's center of gravity is difficult when doing wire work "because you have to really fight against it as well as letting it do what it needs to do."[34] Lefèvre found the experience disorienting since forward motion was out of her control.[34]
Instead of shooting at Forks High School itself, scenes taking place at the school were filmed at Kalama High School[51] and Madison High School.[52] Other scenes were filmed in St. Helens,[53] and Hardwicke conducted some reshooting in Pasadena, California, in August.[4][54] Twilight was originally scheduled to be theatrically released in the United States on December 12, 2008, but its release date was changed to November 21 after Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was rescheduled for an opening in July 2009.[55] Two teaser trailers, as well as some additional scenes, were released for the film, as well as a final trailer, which was released on October 9.[56][57] A 15-minute excerpt of Twilight was presented during the International Rome Film Festival in Italy.[58] The film received a rating of PG-13 from the Motion Picture Association of America for "some violence and a scene of sensuality".
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